JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 62

KNOW-HOW Materials …/… Thermally-conductive composites Table: Thermal, mechanical and physical properties of selected composites and monolithic materials. Reinforcement None None Tungsten Milled E-glass fibres Continuous E-glass fibres Continuous IM PANbased carbon fibres Continuous UHM PAN-based carbon fibres Continuous pitchbased carbon fibres Discontinuous pitchbased carbon fibres Continuous pitchbased carbon fibres SiC particles Diamond particles Diamond particles Diamond particles Diamond particles Matrix Copper Aluminium Copper Polymer Epoxy Epoxy In-plane modulus (GPa) 130 70 230-255 1.5-3.0 23 63 In-plane thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 400 200 157-190 0.2-2.6 0.9 6 Through-thickness thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 400 200 157-190 0.2-2.6 0.6 0.5 In-plane CTE (ppm/K) 17 23 5.7-8.3 20-40 10 2.3 Density (g/cc) 8.9 2.7 15-17 1.4-1.6 2.1 1.6 Epoxy 110 23 0.5 0.4 1.7 Epoxy Various polymers Carbon Aluminium Aluminium Copper Silver SiC 165 30-140 240 115-265 220-250 255-410 250-300 740 330 10-140 350-400 170-220 325-450 465-550 550-650 600-680 3-10 3-10 40 170-220 325-450 465-550 550-650 600-680 -1 0-7 -1.0 6.2-16.2 6-10 4.0-7.7 5.8-6.4 1.8 1.8 1.6-1.7 1.9 3.0 2.9-3.1 5.0-5.5 6.0-6.2 3.3 Figure 1 shows a spacecraft optical bench, which must be stiff, light, conduct heat from the instruments mounted on it, and have low thermal distortion. PAN-based carbon fibres do not work in this application because their thermal conductivities are too low. The bench was made of a composite consisting of ultrahigh-modulus pitch-based carbon fibres in an epoxy matrix. This material has a near-zero CTE, an in-plane modulus 2.5 times that of aluminium, a much lower density than aluminium, and a higher in-plane thermal conductivity. On the down side, the compression strength is low compared to that of composites with PAN-based fibres. There is no such thing as a universal material, and each application has to be considered on its own merits. this process. A wide range of commodity and engineering resins are used, including polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), nylon, polyphenylene sulphide (PPS), liquid crystal polymers (LCPs), polysulphone (PSU) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Polymers are thermal insulators with thermal conductivities in the range of 0.2 W/m.K. Think of handles on cooking pots and clothes irons. Polymers also have high CTEs, which generally fall in the range of 50 to 80 ppm/K, compared to about 23 for aluminium alloys. These properties are severe limitations in many engineering applications. Adding discontinuous glass fibres increases stiffness and reduces CTE somewhat, but has little effect on thermal conductivity, as the table shows. The thermal conductivities of polymers traditionally have been enhanced by adding conductive metal and ceramic particles like silver, aluminium, alumina, aluminium nitride and boron nitride. These reinforcements result in composite materials with thermal conductivities that are generally no better than about 4 W/m.K, although higher values are reported. The thermal conductivities of these materials are still too low to be used in many commercial applications. It should be noted that thermally-conductive diamond particle-reinforced epoxy adhesives are used in the electronics industry. Commercial and industrial applications There are many commercial and industrial applications for which thermal conductivity is a requirement. This opens up opportunities for the many different types of composites covered in this article. In particular, there is great potential for thermoplastics and elastomers reinforced with discontinuous fibres. The reasons for this are that discontinuous carbon fibres are currently much cheaper than continuous ones, and can be used with low-cost manufacturing methods, such as injection moulding. Injection moulding is a widely used, high-volume commercial process for making parts from reinforced and unreinforced thermoplastics. There are countless commercial parts made by 62 jec composites magazine / No46 January-February 2009

JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009

Cover
Editorial
CONTENTS
NEWS WORLDWIDE
Companies - Ashland buys SmartTrac technology
 - Gurit signs major contract in China
 - Vestas inaugurates Asia R&D centre in Singapore
 - Advertisers & Index
 - NRC Aerospace: a structure at the heart of the Canadian aerospace industry
 - Market Place
 - Agenda of events
 - Equipment - High-temperature composite moulds produced by infusion
 - PCM Molds and Patterns Inc
 - Innovations - Prepregs for aerospace applications
 - Airframe development
BUSINESS
 - Market survey - Market developments in woodplasticcomposites
 - Niche market: Light aircraft / Full composite body gyroplane
 - Trends - Subcontracting: increasing complexity andinterdependence
 - Human Capital - Human resources manager
FEATURE - NATURAL FIBRES
 - Overview - A review of biocomposite development
 - Resources - The availability of vegetable fibre resources
 - Recycling - Striking a balance between cost and properties: reuse of paper byproducts
 - Additives - Jazz up your WPC: additives improve WPC mechanically and visually
 - Prepreg - A novel prepreg material combining natural fibres with a furan resin
 - Applications - Applications for plant fibre/ polymer composites in the industrial sector
 - Industrial applications for naturalfibre-reinforced composites
USERS’PLATFORM
 - Composites in the world - Seamless fluid-like design
 - Like a dolphin
 - Snow no longer necessary & Eco-friendly toys
 - Successful partners - Manufacturing a fuselage via oneshot infusion
 - Application - Lightweight bike frame using carbon fibre spread tow
 - The largest Brazilian construction project using the “Wall System”
 - The invisible house
KNOW-HOW
 - Quality control - Advanced ultrasonic NDT techniques for wind turbine blade inspection
 - Materials - Thermally-conductive composites
 - Bonding - Dismantling plastic tailgates incorporating INDAR technology
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - Cover
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 2
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - Editorial
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - CONTENTS
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 5
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - Companies - Ashland buys SmartTrac technology
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Gurit signs major contract in China
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Vestas inaugurates Asia R&D centre in Singapore
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 9
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Advertisers & Index
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - NRC Aerospace: a structure at the heart of the Canadian aerospace industry
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 12
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Market Place
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 14
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 15
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Agenda of events
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 17
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Equipment - High-temperature composite moulds produced by infusion
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 19
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - PCM Molds and Patterns Inc
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 21
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Innovations - Prepregs for aerospace applications
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 23
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Airframe development
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - BUSINESS
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Market survey - Market developments in woodplasticcomposites
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 27
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Niche market: Light aircraft / Full composite body gyroplane
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Trends - Subcontracting: increasing complexity andinterdependence
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Human Capital - Human resources manager
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - FEATURE - NATURAL FIBRES
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Overview - A review of biocomposite development
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 33
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Resources - The availability of vegetable fibre resources
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 35
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 36
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Recycling - Striking a balance between cost and properties: reuse of paper byproducts
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 38
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Additives - Jazz up your WPC: additives improve WPC mechanically and visually
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 40
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Prepreg - A novel prepreg material combining natural fibres with a furan resin
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 42
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Applications - Applications for plant fibre/ polymer composites in the industrial sector
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 44
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 45
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Industrial applications for naturalfibre-reinforced composites
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 47
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 48
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - USERS’PLATFORM
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Like a dolphin
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Snow no longer necessary & Eco-friendly toys
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Successful partners - Manufacturing a fuselage via oneshot infusion
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 53
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Application - Lightweight bike frame using carbon fibre spread tow
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - The largest Brazilian construction project using the “Wall System”
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - The invisible house
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - KNOW-HOW
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Quality control - Advanced ultrasonic NDT techniques for wind turbine blade inspection
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 59
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 60
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Materials - Thermally-conductive composites
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 62
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 63
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 64
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 -  - Bonding - Dismantling plastic tailgates incorporating INDAR technology
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 66
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 67
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 68
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