JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 29
Trends Subcontracting: increasing complexity and interdependence It is interesting to see how the concept of subcontracting has changed over time and how it continues to change. As subcontracting has developed, the prime manufacturers are becoming increasingly dependent on their partners. he evolution of subcontracting may be compared to that of animal and plant cells. The first ever living creatures – bacteria or singlecell algae – are independent but very simple life forms. At the other end of the scale, mammals have extraordinary capacities, but all their cells are interdependent. The neurons need the cells of the heart, and the opposite also applies. If one type is missing, then the entire organism dies. T Industry has followed a similar path of change. Yet as manufactured objects have become increasingly complex and/or need to be supplied more and more quickly, everyone involved has to be ultraspecialised in order to be as efficient and productive as possible in their assigned tasks. The corollary of this is that it clearly becomes increasingly difficult to take onboard every aspect of a product’s manufacturing, both from a technical and from a financial point of view. product and takes full responsibility for the after-sales service. There are two broad types of subcontractor: "capacity" subcontractors and "speciality" subcontractors. Subcontracting is dubbed "capacity" when the company that is the prime manufacturer is itself equipped with facilities for manufacturing a product and yet calls on the services of another company. Many TV-set manufacturers use this type of subcontracting. Subcontracting is dubbed "speciality" when the prime manufacturer calls in a "specialist" who has the equipment, the facilities and the skills required (like Ratier-Figeac for engine vanes). the subcontractor takes responsibility for an entire function and not just the manufacturing of an isolated part. In this case, the subcontractor becomes a system supplier (see Fig. 2). Fig. 2: Classification of subcontractors in the automotive industry. Supplier to subcontractor to partner We have seen by analogy that the natural tendency in the evolution of subcontracting is towards interdependence due to greater degrees of specialisation. The coordinator or end manufacturer, who is still styled OEM (for Original Equipment Manufacturer), was previously at the centre of a circle of suppliers (see Fig. 1). As such, it was a lot easier for the OEM to substitute one supplier for another. In a more specialised structure, the OEM is at the summit of a pyramid where it is far more difficult to replace any given one of the elements. Technically this is true in absolute terms, and it is further underpinned by the sharing of investments in very expensive projects between the OEM and its suppliers near the top of the pyramid. Sometimes, relations between the contracting parties evolve towards greater cooperation, or even a partnership, when The pyramid as the sole paradigm? Let us look more closely at our own industry. Composites are complex by their very nature. Upstream, raw material suppliers are very specialised (fibres, matrices, etc.). Do they still warrant the term of "supplier"? The aerospace industry sees carbon fibre manufacturers more as partners than as mere suppliers. They are a key element, a vital foundation stone. Downstream, the manufacturing of composites requires specialists. They are either manufactured by specialised companies, or else they constitute part of the core business of the OEM, such as is the case in boatbuilding or, more recently, in aerospace. Yacht manufacturers do not subcontract the manufacturing of their hulls. The largest stones in the pyramid do not get moved. Our industry is therefore for the most part a keystone in the pyramids of the main user sectors. Sources: INSEE, AFNOR, SESSI Fig. 1: Star-shaped and tiered subcontracting structures. Typology Industrial subcontracting is the process by which a client (the prime manufacturer) asks another company (the subcontractor) to produce specific services or products. The prime manufacturer is alone responsible for the final marketing of the No46 January-February 2009 / jec composites magazine 29
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009
Cover
Editorial
CONTENTS
NEWS WORLDWIDE
Companies - Ashland buys SmartTrac technology
- Gurit signs major contract in China
- Vestas inaugurates Asia R&D centre in Singapore
- Advertisers & Index
- NRC Aerospace: a structure at the heart of the Canadian aerospace industry
- Market Place
- Agenda of events
- Equipment - High-temperature composite moulds produced by infusion
- PCM Molds and Patterns Inc
- Innovations - Prepregs for aerospace applications
- Airframe development
BUSINESS
- Market survey - Market developments in woodplasticcomposites
- Niche market: Light aircraft / Full composite body gyroplane
- Trends - Subcontracting: increasing complexity andinterdependence
- Human Capital - Human resources manager
FEATURE - NATURAL FIBRES
- Overview - A review of biocomposite development
- Resources - The availability of vegetable fibre resources
- Recycling - Striking a balance between cost and properties: reuse of paper byproducts
- Additives - Jazz up your WPC: additives improve WPC mechanically and visually
- Prepreg - A novel prepreg material combining natural fibres with a furan resin
- Applications - Applications for plant fibre/ polymer composites in the industrial sector
- Industrial applications for naturalfibre-reinforced composites
USERS’PLATFORM
- Composites in the world - Seamless fluid-like design
- Like a dolphin
- Snow no longer necessary & Eco-friendly toys
- Successful partners - Manufacturing a fuselage via oneshot infusion
- Application - Lightweight bike frame using carbon fibre spread tow
- The largest Brazilian construction project using the “Wall System”
- The invisible house
KNOW-HOW
- Quality control - Advanced ultrasonic NDT techniques for wind turbine blade inspection
- Materials - Thermally-conductive composites
- Bonding - Dismantling plastic tailgates incorporating INDAR technology
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - Cover
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 2
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - Editorial
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - CONTENTS
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 5
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - Companies - Ashland buys SmartTrac technology
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Gurit signs major contract in China
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Vestas inaugurates Asia R&D centre in Singapore
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 9
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Advertisers & Index
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - NRC Aerospace: a structure at the heart of the Canadian aerospace industry
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 12
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Market Place
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 14
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 15
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Agenda of events
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 17
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Equipment - High-temperature composite moulds produced by infusion
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 19
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - PCM Molds and Patterns Inc
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 21
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Innovations - Prepregs for aerospace applications
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 23
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Airframe development
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - BUSINESS
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Market survey - Market developments in woodplasticcomposites
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 27
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Niche market: Light aircraft / Full composite body gyroplane
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Trends - Subcontracting: increasing complexity andinterdependence
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Human Capital - Human resources manager
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - FEATURE - NATURAL FIBRES
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Overview - A review of biocomposite development
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 33
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Resources - The availability of vegetable fibre resources
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 35
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 36
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Recycling - Striking a balance between cost and properties: reuse of paper byproducts
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 38
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Additives - Jazz up your WPC: additives improve WPC mechanically and visually
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 40
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Prepreg - A novel prepreg material combining natural fibres with a furan resin
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 42
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Applications - Applications for plant fibre/ polymer composites in the industrial sector
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 44
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 45
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Industrial applications for naturalfibre-reinforced composites
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 47
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 48
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - USERS’PLATFORM
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Like a dolphin
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Snow no longer necessary & Eco-friendly toys
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Successful partners - Manufacturing a fuselage via oneshot infusion
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 53
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Application - Lightweight bike frame using carbon fibre spread tow
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - The largest Brazilian construction project using the “Wall System”
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - The invisible house
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - KNOW-HOW
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Quality control - Advanced ultrasonic NDT techniques for wind turbine blade inspection
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 59
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 60
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Materials - Thermally-conductive composites
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 62
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 63
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 64
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - - Bonding - Dismantling plastic tailgates incorporating INDAR technology
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 66
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 67
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #46 - January/February 2009 - 68
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