JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 54

TECHNOLOGY biocomposites
Tab. 1: Comparison of thermal properties - melting temperature (Tm), crystallization temperature (Tc) and percentage crystallinity - of neat PP and PP/CS
biocomposites (without compatibilizer or chemical treatment)

CS wt.% in
CS-PP composites

Tm(˚C)

Tc(˚C)

% crystallinity
(Xc)

0 (Neat PP)

164.2

114.4

49.6

10

164.7

117

47.1

20

151.2

122.1

49.5

30

165.2

120.1

48.3

40

164.8

120.3

50.5

50

163.9

118.9

49.3

Tensile modulus, flexural modulus and impact strength increases of up to 83, 120 and 39%, respectively, were measured (for a CS concentration of 50 wt.%). In contrast, a 23%
decrease in the tensile strength was observed for the 50 wt.%
CS composite compared to neat PP, due to poor adherence
between the hydrophilic CS and the hydrophobic PP matrix.
Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed that the inclusion of CS (without any compatibilizer or chemical treatment) did not affect the thermal
properties of the PP matrix, as shown in Table 1.

Fig. 2: Experimentally-measured tensile and flexural modulus (top), and tensile and
impact strength (bottom) of PP/CS biocomposites (CS concentration up to 50 wt.%)

matrix [17] , as well as the incorporation of a compatibilizer.
This type of biocomposite can be used in automotive interiors and various household applications [18] .
An experimental study was conducted to examine the effect
of CS concentration, chemical treatment and compatibilizer
type on the mechanical, rheological and morphological properties of PP/CS biocomposites.

Material
The PP/CS biocomposite was prepared by single-screw extrusion of CS powder (obtained from grinding raw CS) with
PP granules. The composite was then injection moulded to
prepare the test specimens for the mechanical tests. The full
process chain is illustrated in Figure 1.

Experiments
PP/CS biocomposite without
compatibilizer or chemical treatment
For the initial tests, CS was included in the composite at concentrations of up to 50 wt.% -without any additional compatibilizer or chemical treatment - to try and improve the
mechanical properties of PP. It was found (Figure 2) that
this procedure did improve the mechanical properties of the
composite material.

54

Effect of a compatibilizer
In the next stage of the experiments, 6 wt.% of a compatibilizer (PP grafted with maleic anhydride - PP-g-MA) was
added to try and improve the tensile strength of the biocomposites. As a result, tensile strength enhancements of 13 and
26% were measured for the 30 and 40 wt.% PP/CS composites, respectively (compared to the equivalent samples containing no compatibilizer). The tensile and flexural moduli
of the compatibilized samples were also improved, but the
impact strength of the composites decreased by 13-18% in
the presence of PP-g-MA. This decrease can be explained by
the improved adhesion between PP and CS, which hindered
energy absorption at the sudden loading that occurred at fibre pull-out from the matrix during the tests.
Effect of CS chemical treatments
In this work, it was also attempted to optimize the tensile and
impact strength of the biocomposites by examining the effect
of different CS chemical treatments. To that end, four simple
chemical treatments were applied to raw CS:
- alkali treatment (with sodium hydroxide);
- acid treatment (with stearic acid);
- permanganate treatment (with potassium permanganate);
- silane treatment (with aminopropyltriethoxysilane).
These differently treated CS samples with PP-g-MA were
used to prepare a set of composites. Overall, the tensile properties of the chemically treated PP/CS composites were better that those with untreated and compatibilized samples.
For example, the alkali-treated sample exhibited a 60% im-

jec composites magazine / N°118 January - February 2018



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018

Cover
Edito
Opinion: Racing for innovation
Contents
NEWS
In brief
China - A world leader in advanced materials
Sustainability - Inauguration of the composites and recycling platform
Agenda
BUSINESS
Digitalization - Smart Factory: The Factory of the future
Report - The European GRP market in 2017
Biocomposites - Natural fibre-reinforced plastics: establishment and growth in niche markets
MANUFACTURING
Technology platform - ComposiTIC: a high-tech regional structure open to small and medium-sized businesses
CFP process - Zero-waste carbon composite material production
Feature Sports & Leisure - Composites boost performance !
RTM - Lighter stronger … faster: automating RTM pump press systems
3D printing - Additive manufacturing applications in sporting goods production
Additive manufacturing - The first 3D-printed golf driver head
Structal parts - Carbon swingarm for the Ducati 1299 Superleggera
Fast boat - FB Design beats world records with high-speed racing bo
Diver propulsion vehicules - The perfect carbon diving scooter for every purpose
Windfoil board - An innovative carbon-crimp fabric (NCF) for sports applications
Foils - SEAir, the future belongs to flying boats
Surfboard - The history and future of surfboard design
Prepreg - Multiaxial reinforcements for enchanced ski design and manufacture
SOLUTIONS
Building - New Ferrari Land FRP cladding meets Euroclass fire specification
Pavilion - With FocusOn, Italian architect takes sustainability to a new level
e-mobility - The first SeaBubbles prototype flies on the Seine in Paris
Aeronautics - Software helps optimize the structure of world’s largest all-composite aircraft
TECHNOLOGY
Biocomposites - Polypropylene/cotton stalk biocomposites with enhanced characteristics
Reinforcement - Tailored cylindrical warp-knitted fabric for insulation and reinforcement
Index
Advertisers
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 60
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Cover
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 2
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Edito
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Opinion: Racing for innovation
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 5
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Contents
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 7
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - In brief
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 9
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - China - A world leader in advanced materials
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 11
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Sustainability - Inauguration of the composites and recycling platform
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 13
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 14
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Agenda
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 16
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Digitalization - Smart Factory: The Factory of the future
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 18
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 19
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Report - The European GRP market in 2017
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 21
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 22
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Biocomposites - Natural fibre-reinforced plastics: establishment and growth in niche markets
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 24
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Technology platform - ComposiTIC: a high-tech regional structure open to small and medium-sized businesses
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 26
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 27
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - CFP process - Zero-waste carbon composite material production
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 29
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - RTM - Lighter stronger … faster: automating RTM pump press systems
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 31
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 3D printing - Additive manufacturing applications in sporting goods production
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 33
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Additive manufacturing - The first 3D-printed golf driver head
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Structal parts - Carbon swingarm for the Ducati 1299 Superleggera
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 36
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Fast boat - FB Design beats world records with high-speed racing bo
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Diver propulsion vehicules - The perfect carbon diving scooter for every purpose
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 39
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Windfoil board - An innovative carbon-crimp fabric (NCF) for sports applications
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 41
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Foils - SEAir, the future belongs to flying boats
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 43
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Surfboard - The history and future of surfboard design
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 45
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Prepreg - Multiaxial reinforcements for enchanced ski design and manufacture
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Building - New Ferrari Land FRP cladding meets Euroclass fire specification
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 48
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 49
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Pavilion - With FocusOn, Italian architect takes sustainability to a new level
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - e-mobility - The first SeaBubbles prototype flies on the Seine in Paris
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Aeronautics - Software helps optimize the structure of world’s largest all-composite aircraft
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Biocomposites - Polypropylene/cotton stalk biocomposites with enhanced characteristics
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 54
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 55
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Reinforcement - Tailored cylindrical warp-knitted fabric for insulation and reinforcement
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 57
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - Advertisers
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #118 - January/February 2018 - 59
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