JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 48

microwave

Inorganic and microwave-transparent additives
When additives are inorganic or transparent to microwaves,
like for example glass fibres or silicon dust, the electromagnetic make-up will disperse through the charge. Therefore,
this effect can modify the heating profile [5].

Assessing the suitability of different MW susceptors

Fig. 2: Molecules without bipolar moment (left) and with bipolar moment (right)

ferent electronegativity levels. If a molecule is composed of
only two atoms, a higher electronegativity difference means a
higher dipolar moment (figure 2).
Functional groups with strong or medium dipoles include
hydroxyls, epoxies, amines, cyanates, imides, chlorine derivatives, etc. Microwave-absorbing additives or susceptors can
be divided into three groups: metallic fillers, organic dipolar
additives, and inorganic and microwave-transparent additives.
Metallic fillers
Metallic fillers [2] are
characterised by an inherent capacity to dissipate
electromagnetic energy in
the same frequency range as
microwaves. The presence
of these materials, especially
if they are conductive (the
majority of metallic fillers),
can strongly influence the
Fig. 3: A common ferroelectric filler:
interaction of the polymer
barium titanium
and the microwave radiation.
The conductor can also modify the internal electric field pattern as well as other areas affecting the polymer, which causes
different heating results to those of the pure polymer. Metallic fillers can be divided into three groups: metals [3], metal
oxides and ferroelectric fillers (see figure 3) [4].
Organic bipolar additives
The most studied absorbent functional microwave groups are
epoxies, amino, cyanate, isocyanides, hydroxyls, sulphonamides and phthalates, due to the fact that each of them forms
strong dipoles. As the main microwave absorption mechanism
of a polymer is the reorientation of the dipoles when submitted to an electric field, the presence of these groups in the
molecule is necessary.
The materials with the best dipole mobility exhibit high absorption efficiency and the efficiency of the coupling depends
on the strength of the dipole, its mobility and mass, as well as
its dipole matrix state.

48 jec composites magazine / No104 April - May 2016

During the COALINE project, different resins and gelcoats
were evaluated by adding different susceptors in varying
quantities, in order to select the best susceptor and the best
conditions. A polyester and a vinylester resin, and a polyester
and an epoxy gelcoat were evaluated. Three different susceptors were chosen, named a, b and c, with different percentages.
Before microwave curing, the homogeneity of the polymer/
susceptor mixtures was characterized to verify the good dispersion of the susceptor into the resin or gelcoat.
The microwave system used is composed of a 2000W magnetron and a cylindrical antenna (figure 4). The frequency of
each antenna is 2.45 GHz and the wavelength 12 cm, similar
to the conventional microwave devices used at home. The
robot can be moved in the three directions using a remote
control system.
The evolution of the sample temperature (measured using an
infrared sensor over the surface of the resin) versus time at

Fig. 4: Open antenna system available at AIMPLAS' facilities

Fig. 5: Temperature and power vs. time for the cure of the polyester resin with
susceptor a



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016

Cover
Edito
Point of view: Thailand smiles at composites
Contents
COMPANY & BUSINESS
Agenda of Events
APPLICATIONS
Cycle
Multisectorial
Music
MARKET
Trend
Carbon
SPECIAL JEC AMERICAS 2016
Conferences
Awards
Oil & Gas
Redevelopment
Laboratory
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
Self healing
Fibre placement
Microwave
TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATIONS
LFT
Intermediate products
Multimaterial
Manufacturing
Process
Index
In the world
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Cover
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 2
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Edito
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Point of view: Thailand smiles at composites
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 5
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Contents
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 7
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - COMPANY & BUSINESS
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 9
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Agenda of Events
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Ad1
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Ad2
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 11
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Cycle
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 13
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Multisectorial
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 15
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Music
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 17
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Trend
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 19
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 20
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 21
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Carbon
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 23
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 24
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 25
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Conferences
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 27
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 28
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Awards
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 30
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 31
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 32
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 33
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Oil & Gas
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 35
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Redevelopment
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 37
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Laboratory
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 39
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 40
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Self healing
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 42
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 43
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Fibre placement
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 45
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 46
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Microwave
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 48
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 49
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 50
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - LFT
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 52
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Intermediate products
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 54
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Multimaterial
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 56
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 57
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 58
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Manufacturing
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 60
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Process
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 62
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 63
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 64
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - Index
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - In the world
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 67
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #104 - April/May 2016 - 68
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