JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 86

additive
Tab. 1:Fracture toughness and Tg of DGEBA-DDS with toughener

Toughener
content

Kane AceTM MX uses Kaneka’s proprietary CSR developed for epoxy formulations which are suitable for use
in low- to high-cross-linked systems. Users only have to
dilute Kane AceTM MX with their base resins and the CSR
particles remain uniformly dispersed under normal handling, formulating and curing conditions, in most cases. In
other words, controlled phase separation morphology is
easily and consistently obtained by using Kane AceTM MX.
The dispersed domain size, which is linked to the performance of the modified formulation, is pre-determined by
the particle size of the CSR. This is one of the benefits of
CSR compared to linear polymer-based tougheners such
as CTBN (carboxy-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile
copolymer) or block copolymers, which depend largely on
cure conditions for their domain size in epoxy resins [6,7].
In epoxy resins, a particle size of 50-500nm will be suitable
for the most effective toughening mechanisms resulting
in void formation of CSR under fracture stress inducing
shear deformation of the epoxy resin phase [1,2,8]. As one
example, Table 1 shows test data for fracture toughness
and Tg of cured samples based on a diglycidyl ether of
bisphenol-A (DGEBA) formulation modified with Kane
AceTM MX. 1wt% of CSR significantly improved fracture
toughness (K1c) of a relatively high Tg system. The table
also shows that Tg was not affected by the use of CSR up to
15wt%.
Furthermore, when the particles are used in fibre-reinforced epoxy systems, they can easily travel into the tiny
spaces between fibre filaments without filtering. Thanks to
these benefits, the use of Kane AceTM MX is now growing
in fibre-reinforced epoxy processes including filament
winding, RTM/infusion, and prepreg manufacturing while

86 jec composites magazine / No79 March 2013

CSR
5%

CSR
15%

CTBN
5%

0.69

0.90

1.06

1.16

0.89

Tg (DSC)
onset (°C)

CSR toughening for liquid epoxy resin applications. This
family of liquid pre-dispersions consists of 100-300nm
CSR particles in epoxy, at high concentration: 25-40% by
weight. The CSR particles are homogeneously dispersed in
the product (Figure 1).

CSR
1%

Fracture
toughness
K1c (MPa.
m1/2)

Fig. 1: Dispersion of CSR in Kane AceTM MX

Control
0%

184

184

184

184

168

contributing both to performance and productivity improvement. Productivity is improved as a result of a decrease
in defects or failures caused by processes such as dynamic
temperature changes, cutting, drilling, etc.

Fibre-reinforced epoxy resins toughened with
new CSR
The initial CSR designs improve the fracture toughness of
epoxy resins while maintaining their Tg; however in some
instances, a high loading of CSR can result in a modest
reduction of modulus. Not only CSR but other traditional
rubber-based tougheners such as CTBN have the same
issue [2]. There have been some reports of new toughening
techniques such as block copolymers or inorganic nanoparticles that improve the fracture toughness of epoxy resin
while maintaining or increasing modulus [9- 11].
Nevertheless, considering toughening efficiency, easiness of formulation and maintenance of the resin system
density, the pre-dispersion of CSR is still thought to be one
of the best toughening options for fibre-reinforced epoxy
resins. To address applications where modulus is critical,
Kaneka developed a CSR design which maintains modulus
while improving fracture toughness of epoxy resin formulations.
A DGEBA-based MX containing the new CSR was prepared and tests were conducted with neat casting panels and
carbon-fibre-reinforced epoxy resin. Figure 2 shows that

Fig. 2: Fracture toughness and flexural modulus of DGEBA-DDS with the
new CSR



JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013

Cover
Edito
Point of view: research & industry
Contents
Agenda of Events
COMPANY & BUSINESS
- In brief
- Core materials
APPLICATIONS
- Formula 1
- Equipment
- Wind energy
MARKET
- Europe
- Patents
FEATURE SPECIAL JEC EUROPE 2013
- Turkey, country guest of honor
- 7th International Composites Summit
- JEC Europe lnnovation Awards Programme
- lnnovation report and news
- Sustainability
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
- Additive
- Fabric
TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATIONS
- Process
- Matrix
- Nano
- Resins
- Process
Index
In the world
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - Cover
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 2
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - Edito
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - Point of view: research & industry
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 5
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - Contents
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 7
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 8
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 9
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 10
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 11
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - Agenda of Events
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 13
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 14
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - In brief
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - Ad1
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - Ad2
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 16
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 17
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Core materials
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 19
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 20
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Formula 1
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 22
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 23
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Equipment
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 25
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Wind energy
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 27
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Europe
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 29
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 30
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 31
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 32
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 33
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Patents
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 35
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 36
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 37
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Turkey, country guest of honor
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 39
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 40
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 41
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 42
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 43
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - 7th International Composites Summit
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 45
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 46
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 47
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - JEC Europe lnnovation Awards Programme
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 49
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 50
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 51
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 52
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 53
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 54
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 55
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - lnnovation report and news
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 57
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 58
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 59
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 60
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 61
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 62
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 63
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 64
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 65
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 66
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 67
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 68
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 69
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 70
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 71
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 72
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 73
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 74
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 75
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 76
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 77
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Sustainability
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 79
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 80
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 81
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 82
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 83
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 84
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Additive
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 86
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 87
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 88
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Fabric
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 90
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 91
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 92
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 93
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 94
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 95
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 96
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Process
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 98
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 99
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Matrix
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 101
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 102
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 103
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 104
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Nano
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 106
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 107
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Resins
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 109
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - - Process
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 111
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 112
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - Index
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - In the world
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 115
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #79 - March 2013 - 116
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