JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #62 - January/February 2011 - 22

trends
values also apply to LNG, normally the same as CNG). Some issues can arise with UN regulations for NGVs if the regulations are too complex, which could make their implementation and enforcement difficult. If they are too detailed, it could limit innovations. Also, components may be approved individually but fail when used in combination with other components (i.e. wrong pressure relief devices (PRD) with the wrong CNG cylinders). According to the European Commission, the benefits from bio-waste demonstrate a considerable potential that can help to meet environmental objectives, in particular where they are the most cost-effective solution. The Commission states that about one-third of the 2020 EU target to use renewable energy in transport could be met by using the biogas produced from bio-waste as transport fuel and around 2% of the overall renewable-energy target could be met if all bio-waste is turned into energy. The decarbonisation of the energy sector is one of the main challenges for the EU. Biowaste can be converted to electricity, heat or transport fuels at relatively low cost, thus limiting the use of fossil fuels and increasing supply security. The Renewable Energy Directive particularly acknowledges the benefits of using waste to produce transport fuels by counting them double towards the 10% transport fuel target. carbon fibre for its outstanding elastic modulus, density and strength. At present, the cost of carbon-fibre-wrapped tanks is three times higher than conventional metal cylinders. A 20-30% reduction in carbonfibre prices is expected in the upcoming years as a result of improved manufacturing processes being introduced to the market. Composite cylinder benefits to the user include: - reduced fuel consumption, - fast filling, - non-permeability, - size flexibility, - increased vehicle payload capacity, - less expansion and contraction under various pressures, - resistance to acids, oils, alkalis and UV rays.

Big Composite tanks/Titan Tanks have been used in service for gas transportation

jec composites magazine / No62 January - February 2011

Composite cylinder market

Lightweight composite cylinder design mainly depends on

In Sweden, biomethane now accounts for 58% of the fuel used in NGVs and the country is able to consistently source Composite cylinders have replaced 60+% of all methane metal cylinders in Bus segment vehicle fuel from These lightweight cylinders are renewable sources. In 2009, being used in buses where they biomethane accounted for save more than 60% weight in 62.14% of all methane comparison to metal cylinders. delivered in Sweden for vehicle For this reason, lightweight fuel, or 42,251,770 Nm3 out of composite CNG cylinders have a total 67,988,450 Nm3. With a distinct edge over their biomethane volume increasing competitors in the bus sector. into 2010, March peaked at Many NGV accidents are due 64.93%, the highlight of a first to faulty design of the valve, or quarter outcome of 63.48%. pressure relief device, and/or It is essential to highlight the improper handling and large potentials available in

maintenance of the cylinders. The accident ratio of composite cylinders is very low when compared with metal cylinders. The NGV industry has now matured to a point where proper installation and inspection systems have reduced the number of potential accidents. Many countries in Europe, America and Asia have started applying very stringent testing procedures and regulations. Due to the significant changes in regulations and testing processes, the NGV industry is better equipped for significant growth in coming years.

other countries for the use of renewably sourced methane.

Hydrogen
Composite cylinders are the right choice for hydrogen storage but the author does not see hydrogen as a viable fuel source for another 40 years. The expense of producing hydrogen as a fuel is currently too great. However, one of the reasons it remains a global environmental goal to produce and use hydrogen as a transportation fuel source is that it produces zero emissions. This industry is still in the initial stages of development. Continued research and technology is needed to make it economical as an alternate fuel source. New combustion technologies provide the means for CNG engines to meet stringent future emission standards. Safe and eco-friendly mobility is the key factor that will ensure the future dominance of NGVs. This is why the natural gas market will last for many decades with current reserves, and why biomethane has the potential to lead this industry for a very long time.
More information: muthu@gruntech.com

Biomethane

JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #62 - January/February 2011

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #62 - January/February 2011