JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 57

carbon-reinforced polyetherimide (PEI) was thermofolded 90° downward at the edges to produce a low-cost, durable closeout for aircraft. Tab.1: Selected properties of thermoplastic resins for high-performance applications Resin name PA-Polyamide (Nylon 6) PEI-Polyetherimide PPS-Polyphenylene sulphide PMMA-Polymethylmethacrylate PEEK-Polyetherether ketone PP-Polypropylene UHMWPE-Ultrahigh MW polyethylene Chemical resistance Average Poor Excellent Poor Excellent Fair Fair Structure Semi-crystalline Amorphous Semi-crystalline Amorphous Semi-crystalline Semi-crystalline Semi-crystalline Moisture absorption High Medium Very low Very low Very low Low Low Density Process (g/cc) 1.15 1.27 1.35 1.19 1.29 0.91 temp. 275oC 315oC 330oC 205oC 385oC 175oC opportunities. Their formulating advantages result from several key attributes. Hydroxyl functionality The end groups of polybutadiene resins are predominantly primary allylic hydroxyl groups (figure 2). These groups readily react with a variety of isocyanates to yield polyurethane polymers. The hydroxyl functionalities of the most widely used grades − polybutadiene R45HTLO and polybutadiene R-20LM − typically range from 2.4 to 2.6 per polymer chain. Hydrolytic stability Polybutadiene resins have a hydrophobic, non-polar hydrocarbon backbone which imparts hydrolytic stability to the resulting products. Their stability surpasses that of polyurethanes with ester or ether linkages prepared from other polyols, which are more hydrophilic and easier to hydrolyze. Polybutadiene resin systems can far exceed the 28-day requirement of the Naval Avionics test. For example, when measuring hardness versus time at 100°C and 95% relative humidity, it has been shown (figure 3) that typical polybutadiene-based urethanes are essentially unaffected, whereas urethanes prepared from other polyols actually liquefy (revert) under the test conditions. Although thermoplastics hold much promise for aviation applications because of their low density, good mechanical properties, environmental resistance and cost-effective production, our analysis showed that they cannot achieve the erosion-resistance characteristics required in severe rotor-blade operational environments. CombatShieldTM Along with 3M tape and the L-100 coat, the CombatShield technology was qualified by the US Department of Defence (DoD) as a possible solution to control rotor blade erosion in the mid- to longterm [5]. The material is made out of advanced alloy compositions and 3 to 4 times harder than steel. This approach is currently being evaluated by the DoD. Incorporating this technology in the V-22 would require fundamental changes to the rotor blade manufacturing and servicing procedures. Apparently, it is a costly process that would not provide a weight-saving advantage. Fig. 3: Comparative hydrolytic stability of polybutadiene urethane versus other materials Polybutadiene resins A careful analysis carried out by Neo-Advent Technologies’ (NAT) team identified polybutadiene resins and polyurethane derived from it as a promising material to generate an erosion-resistant polymer framework. Frequent heating of the future material for de-icing purposes involves using a polymer with high stability at elevated temperatures. This challenge can be addressed by polybutadiene resins [6], a novel class of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene homopolymers (see figure 2). Polybutadiene resins are lowmolecular-weight reactive liquids that offer broad formulating Fig. 2: Chemical structure of polybutadiene resins (n=50 for R-45HTLO, n=25 for R-20LM) Fig. 4: Change in tensile strength, hardness, and elongation after water immersion / No43 September 2008 / JEC Composites Magazine

JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008

Cover
Editorial
Market Place
Advertisers
CONTENTS
NEWS WORLDWIDE
- Companies
 - Agenda of events
 - Innovations
 - Equipment: Rapid prototyping
BUSINESS
 - Market survey
 - Niche market
 - Human capital
FEATURE - MARINE
 - Design
 - Modelling
 - Core materials
 - Prepreg
 - Natural fibre core
 - Sandwich structure
 - Gelcoat
 - Infusion
 - Application
USERS' PLATFORM
 - Composites in the world
 - Applications
KNOW-HOW
 - Materials
 - Manufacturing
Special JEC Composite Asia
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - Cover
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 2
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - Editorial
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - Market Place
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - Advertisers
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - CONTENTS
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 7
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - - Companies
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 9
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 10
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 11
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 12
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 13
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Agenda of events
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 15
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Innovations
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 17
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Equipment: Rapid prototyping
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - BUSINESS
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Market survey
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 21
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 22
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Human capital
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 24
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - FEATURE - MARINE
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Design
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 27
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 28
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 29
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Modelling
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 31
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 32
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Core materials
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 34
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Prepreg
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Natural fibre core
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Sandwich structure
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 38
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Gelcoat
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 40
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Infusion
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 42
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 43
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Application
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 45
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 46
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - USERS' PLATFORM
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Composites in the world
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 49
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Applications
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 51
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 52
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 53
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 54
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - KNOW-HOW
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Materials
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 57
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 58
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 59
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 60
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 61
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 -  - Manufacturing
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 63
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 64
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - Special JEC Composite Asia
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - II
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - III
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - IV
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - V
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - VI
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - VII
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - VIII
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - IX
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - X
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 75
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #43 - September 2008 - 76
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