JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 44

FEATURE “Environment” g…/… Biodegradable polymers and composites industry. The Materials Research Centre of the Ales School of Mines and the Vitembal Company (Remoulins, France) joined forces to develop an innovative multi-layered biodegradable composite to replace the expanded polystyrene (EPS) trays commonly used for food packaging, especially for fish, meat and vegetables. Starch was considered as a suitable alternative to produce the required foamed structure. Expanded starch was processed through a standard extrusion technology (temperature varying from 30 to 160°C from feeder to die) to obtain sheets that were then thermoformed to shape the final trays (Figure 3). More information - Lower environmental impact than conventional composites - Possibility to compost end-of-life biocomposites, thus facilitating waste management - Materials derived from natural and renewable products instead of fossil resources - Wide range of properties and potential applications, including packaging, agriculture, automotive, and civil engineering. Fig.3: Multilayered biocomposite processing The expansion process was induced by water and nucleating agents. Talc and a citric acid-based component were used respectively as physical and chemical nucleating agents. The main drawbacks of starch are its high water sensitivity and low mechanical properties. Therefore, natural fibres were incorporated into starch, and two external biodegradable and bio-based polyester films (120 μm) were calendered on both sides of the foamed starch sheet so as to limit its water absorption and to enhance its overall mechanical properties (Figure 4). The efficiency of different natural fibres with various cellulose contents (from 30 to 99.5%) was compared: hemp, cotton linter, cellulose and wheat straw (Table 1). Fig.5: a) E/ρ and b) impact strenght of starch-based biocomposite at 56% HR (E : bending modulus; ρ : density) Fig.4: Multilayered biocomposite structure Tab.1: Natural fibres characteristics Fibers Cellulose (%) Cellulose Length (mm) 0.13 Rigidity (GPa) Fiber supplier Rettenmaier & Söhne Co., Germany Maeda Co., Brazil Chanvrière de l’Aube, France A.R.D. Co., France 99.5 2.1 Cotton linter Hemp 80-85 2.07 8.1 3.23 29.2 Wheat straw 30-35 2.62 - Surprisingly, similar E/ρ values (E: bending modulus; ρ: density) (Figure 5a) were measured for the cellulosereinforced biocomposite and for EPS, the other biocomposites having slightly lower properties. Moreover, the new biocomposite has better impact properties (Figure 5b) than EPS. But the main focus was water sensitivity, which remains ten times lower for the biocomposite than for EPS because of the intrinsic foamed microstructure. Expanded starch is composed of about 80% open cells with the following diameters: about 1000 µm for pure expanded starch and 580-780 µm for natural fibre-reinforced starch foams. Industrial EPS trays are a two-layer system with an open-cell layer (75-85% open cells) in contact with food to optimize exudate absorption and a closed-cell layer (85-95% closed cells) that acts as a diffusion barrier. Moreover, EPS cells are smaller (about 300 µm) (Figure 6). Various degradation tests were investigated. The bio-composite’s weight variation with composting time was measured (ISO 14855 composting test) (Figure 7). About 50% degradation JEC Composites Magazine / No39 March - April 2008

JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008

Cover
NEWS WORLDWIDE - Companies
- Epsilon Composite
- Agenda of events
- Equipment : Laser placement
- Ply placement by live video image
BUSINESS - Market survey
- Formosa Plastics Corp.
- Topkey at a crossroads
- Trends : robotics
- Niche market : Patient positioning
FEATURE : ENVIRONMENT
- Management
- Biopolymers
- Natural fibre
PROCESS - Software
- Infusion
- Simulation
SPECIAL JEC COMPOSITES 2008 - JEC End-users Forums
- JEC innovation award programme
- Innovations
USER'S PLATFORM - Composites in the world
- Better acoustics for a concert hall
- Leather and fibres - No more excuses
- Applications
- Aircraft interior : more than just a seat
KNOW HOW - Composite tooloing
- Process
- Liquid composite moulding
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - Cover
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JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 3
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JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - NEWS WORLDWIDE - Companies
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 9
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 10
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 11
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Epsilon Composite
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 13
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Agenda of events
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 15
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Equipment : Laser placement
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 17
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Ply placement by live video image
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 19
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JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - BUSINESS - Market survey
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 23
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JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Formosa Plastics Corp.
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 27
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JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Topkey at a crossroads
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 31
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Trends : robotics
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 33
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Niche market : Patient positioning
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 35
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Management
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 37
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Biopolymers
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 39
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JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Natural fibre
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 47
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 48
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 49
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - PROCESS - Software
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 51
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 52
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 53
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Infusion
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 55
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 56
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Simulation
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 58
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 59
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - SPECIAL JEC COMPOSITES 2008 - JEC End-users Forums
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 61
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 62
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - JEC innovation award programme
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 64
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 65
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JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Innovations
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 76
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JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Better acoustics for a concert hall
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Leather and fibres - No more excuses
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Applications
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 103
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Aircraft interior : more than just a seat
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 105
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 106
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 107
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - KNOW HOW - Composite tooloing
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 109
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Process
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 111
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 112
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - - Liquid composite moulding
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #39 - March/April 2008 - 114
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